Kencan di Kereta

“Anak mau turun dimana?” Aku jawab seadanya “Wonokromo!” Dingin sekali aku menanggapi perempuan yang di tiket keretanya tertulis LANSIA. Tuhan, terimakasih sadarkan aku waktu itu. Kalau tidak, aku tidak aku menemukan kencan bersama lansia itu. Lebih dari sekedar kencan.

Aku bahkan tidak tahu bagaimana perempuan lansia itu bisa duduk dalam emperan stasiun. Menunggu Sri Tanjung parkir di jalur 2. Indah sekali gaya duduknya. Setidaknya untuk perempuan seumuran dia. Sungguh indah juga caranya menyapaku. Sebutan anak yang ia pakai untukku mempermainkan otakku untuk bertanya “kemana anak-anakmu sendiri?”. Bahkan sepertinya tidak sekedar bertanya, berprasangka buruk malah: “tega-teganya ditinggalkan seperti ini? Koq ya ga’ ditunggu sampai ia duduk dalam kereta”. Karena itu pula, aku yang awalnya acuh menjadi peduli pada dia. Seperti pintanya, aku carikan tempat duduk yang nyaman. Dan, aku bawakan tas yang katanya oleh-oleh dari anaknya, dan sungguh berat. Akan tambah berat lagi andai tidak ada laki-laki sebayaku, yang juga ingin mengencaninya, yang menunjukkan pengorbanannya membawa tas pakaian perempuan lansia itu.

Sungguh menarik obrolan yang ia tawarkan ke saya ketika itu: betapa hebat kehidupan anak-anaknya yang ia gambarkan, tak ragu ia menyombongkan mereka kepada saya. Semakin hebat pula buruk sangkaku kepada anak yang meninggalkannya begitu saja di emperan stasiun. Andai ia/mereka tahu betapa ia/mereka sangat dibanggakan dan disombongkan oleh perempuan itu, apa ya ia masih ditinggalkan begitu saja di stasiun. Sungguh salut aku kepada engkau Nek. Tubuhmu sudah gemetar disana-sini. Bahkan batukmu sudah membuatku takut terjadi apa-apa pada waktu itu.  Tapi engkau masih bisa mengunjungi anakmu yang, maaf Nek, benar-benar tidak peduli kepada engkau. Terimakasih, setidaknya kencan itu mengingatkan aku, “sungguh, Ibu ku tidak pernah tidak sayang kepada kami!”. Oia, terima kasih kipasnya. Perempuan yang duduk bersamaku itu, adalah pacar-ku Nek. Dan dia yang menyimpan kipas itu.

Sudah Cukup AKu Memaknainya

Aku pernah, sampai saat ini bahkan, memanggil seseorang dengan Mas. Dan Karenanya pula, aku masih dipanggil Ade’! Aku masih ingat bagaimana kami “mesra” dalam hubungan kami. Dan karena itu, teman bermain kami dimana kami tinggal tidak mengenal “Indra” tetapi “Mas”, mereka juga tidak mengenal “Yudi” tetapi “Ade’”. Begitu hebat kemesraan kami membius mereka, hingga mereka lupa dengan nama kami. Tapi mereka yang sedikit terbius lebih suka menggunakan kata “Mas Indra” dan “De’ Yudi”, tapi tetap saja terbius, hehehe. Mereka yang kebetulan satu sekolah dengan kami juga sok lupa dengan nama kami. Di rumah kami cuma berdua (ketika itu), tapi di luar kami benar-benar punya banyak saudara.

Aku masih ingat setiap suapan nasi yang dulu ia berikan, aku juga akan siap mendaratkan cakaran kuku yang belum dipotong (untungnya gigiku taringku tidak terlalu tajam) ketika ia merampas kerupuk, yang sampai saat ini masih menjadi kesukaanku. Aku juga akan pilih menangis ketika ia memilih ngaji daripada meladeniku bermain, kalau aku diam pasti Mas akan tetap memilih ngaji, padahal aku ingin bermain, ketika ia menutup kitab suci, aku merasakan kemenangan yang luar biasa. Maaf Tuhan, waktu itu aku hanya ingin bermain, aku benar-benar belum tahu bahwa “buku” itu adalah ajaran-Mu. Pernah kakiku terjebak dalam jeruji ban sepeda ketika kita ke Madrasah, aku senang melihat ia kebingungan melihat darah yang keluar dari kakiku itu. Lebih dari itu, darah itu telah menyelamatkanku dari kebohongan, aku tidak perlu pura-pura tidur untuk menghindari madrasah. Dan ia tidak perlu membongkar kebohongannku dengan menggelitikiku. Andai aku ngerti bahasa Inggris ketika itu, pasti aku akan berkata “Yes!!!!” dalam kepanikannya.

Sungguh, aku benar-benar lupa, sebenarnya peristiwa apa yang merenggangkan kami dalam beberapa tahun ini? Apa karena aku melakukan protes besar-besaran ketika ia menginjak kakiku dalam sebuah permainan bola? Waktu itu, aku merasa pantas melakukan protes, karena kaki SMA itu telah membuat tak berdaya kaki-ku yang masih SMP, satu minggu lebih. Tapi sungguh, protesku tidak pantas mendapatkan “acuh” darinya, ketika jalanku normal aku sudah menganggap “injakan” itu sebagai suatu ketidaksengajaan, meskipun aku tidak akan pernah lagi bermain bola, tidak akan. Dan  ia pun tidak akan  pernah juga mengajakku berbola lagi.

Aku benar-benar melupakan peristiwa itu. Aku mencoba berpikir bahwa ia “menjauh” untuk kebaikanku juga. Ketika ia keluar malam dan tidak (lagi) mengajakku, aku anggap ia berkata “g’ usah ikut, kamu belajar aja dan kerjakan PR” meskipun ia tidak berkata apa-apa. Ketika ia berlari di tengah hujan, tanpa aku, aku anggap ia bilang “kamu g’ usah hujan-hujanan, ntar sakit” meskipun tanpa kata-kata, padahal aku sudah siap dengan celana pendek dan singletku. Pernah juga aku melihat ia mengajari merokok pada teman sebayaku, tetapi tidak padaku, aku anggap ia berkata “Kamu g’ usah merokok, merokok g’ baik buat kesehatan” apalagi aku masih ingat hukuman bapak ketika ia ketahuan merokok, yang membuat ia menangis karena itu, perkataan yang aku bersitkan sendiri tadi adalah wajar keluar dari seorang kakak yang pernah mendapat hukuman dan tidak ingin menjebak adiknya sendiri.

Beberapa minggu terakhir ini, aku senang kami bangun komunikasi lagi. Meski lewat SMS. Bisa bertukar ide lagi, meski lewat SMS. Dan SMS siang itu, “De’, Mas pulang awal Maret, pengamanan Pilkada” benar-benar sebuah SHORT MESSAGE service. Ia masih saja tidak berkata langsung. Kegiatan interpretasiku meningkat, kalau dulu aku menginterpretasikan sikapnya, sekarang aku menginterpretasikan SMSnya. Aku anggap SMS itu belum selesai. “Kamu pulang juga ya…” Inilah penutup SMS itu seharusnya. Aku akan pulang Mas.

Lewat SMS (lagi), hari pertama di rumah aku bilang akan pulang sebentar saja. “kapan kamu balik? Mas punya celana baru buat kamu…” itu SMSnya ke aku ketika dia masih di “rumah”nya. “Mas punya celana baru buat kamu”, aku anggap itu untuk mencegahku pulang andai jawabanku “Besok”. Ia tahu aku senang memakai yang ia punya, aku tahu yang ia maksud bukan celana baru.

Aku senang kita berlima ngumpul, ditambah lagi ada acara “saling memperkenalkan permainan baru” dengan kartu. Lelaki yang aku panggil Mas itu memodifikasi permainan 41, dengan memilih joker baru. Dan aku, “Lie or Truth” aku pilih untuk aku ajukan. Dan… YES, AKU MENANG MAS. Permainannku lebih favorit. Tinggal pilih, mau jujur atau bohong!

Aku senang dengan hubungan kakak-adik yang mulai ada tanda-tanda kembali seperati dulu, membuat orang lain terbius lagi, siapa tahu kita akan tetap dipanggil “Mas” dan “Ade’” ketika sudah kakek-kakek.  Aku akan menunggu waktu dimana aku tidak perlu menggunakan kemampuanku untuk menginterpretasikan apa yang ia maksud.

REDD: A TRACK TO SOLVE THE IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

ABSTRACT
Deforestation in developing countries is also considered as the cause of climate change. A study showed that deforestation in developing countries has produced about 15% up to 20% of the global emission. So far, there was no international agreement that gave a mechanism for countries to reduce the emission from deforestation. Based on this situation, many state aware that they would have an international agreement to reduce the emission from deforestation and degradation. Then in the 11th CoP of UNFCCC, Papua New Guinea and Republic of Costa Rica proposed a scheme related to a global effort to avoid deforestation. The proposal of these two developing countries was called RED. Most of developing countries supported this proposal, and even some of them added a degradation point in this scheme. After the adding of that point, the scheme of avoiding deforestation is more well-known as REDD. Then, this proposal was brought to the 13th CoP of UNFCCC in order to get a legal agreement among countries. Finally, REDD was published on Bali Roadmap as a global scheme to reduce the emission from deforestation and degradation in developing countries.
Key words: climate change, avoiding deforestation, developing country

INTRODUCTION
Almost every people in the world have talked about how frightening the climate change is. Climate change is caused by the rate temperature of the earth that getting warmer, which is known as global warming. Global warming is happened when the concentration of Greenhouse gas is being increased in the air. It is caused by the industry activities in developed countries. The using of fuel in these industry activities has produced carbon dioxide gas (CO2) which exceeds the normal condition. CO2 is one of the Greenhouse gas components, so the increasing of CO2 causes the increasing of Greenhouse gas concentration in our atmosphere. Climate change is not only caused by the industry activities in developed countries, it is also caused by the high rate of deforestation in most of developing countries.
A number of people agree about the effects of climate change. They are worry about it. Climate change has increased the intensity of heat wave. Availability of clean water is getting decreased by climate change, it has already happened in South Europe area. Some of archipelago, such as Fiji and Maladewa, are predicted to be disappeared if the sea level is being higher. In our country, we have already felt the effects of climate change. During 1991 – 2000, the rate of crop failure was higher than before. Some scientists claimed that it caused by climate change. Today, I believe that all of us agree that we can not predict the weather anymore. Based on the IPCC, the effects of global warming is “a sudden”, no one can avoid these effects.
These conditions have been being a threat for everyone in many states. Many states are worry about the effects of climate change. This kind of worry has brought them to get involved in international cooperation to solve those effects globally. United Nations (UN) created an institution concerning about the climate change. It is UNFCCC (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change). In 1997, the Conference of Party (CoP) of UNFCCC produced an international agreement about climate change. This agreement is well-known as Kyoto Protocol. The main goal of this protocol is reducing the emission globally, which most of them has been produced by industry activities in developed countries. Kyoto Protocol has three flexible mechanisms to reach its main goal, they are:
Joint Implementation, this is a mechanism for Annex I Country (developed countries) to reduce the emission of Greenhouse gas;
Clean Development Mechanism, through this mechanism, developing countries can help the developed countries in reducing the emission; and
Emission Trading, this is a kind of trade of emission credit among developed countries.
Overall, Kyoto Protocol arranged about a mechanism to reduce the emission from industry activities. Relating to the forest, this protocol only sets a mechanism about reforestation. Meanwhile, there was no international agreement yet that ruled countries to reduce the emission from deforestation in developing countries which also gave a contribution to climate change.
By this kind of background, every country agreed that they have to create a mechanism that covered the need to avoid deforestation in developing countries. Then, the issue of avoid deforestation scheme is being discussed on every international forum about climate change. Every country agreed that the effort of avoiding deforestation from developing countries must be completed by the incentives from developed countries. In the 11th CoP in Montreal, Canada, 2005, every country has discussed how to avoid deforestation for the first time. In this conference, Papua New Guinea and Republic of Costa Rica proposed an avoid deforestation which was known as Reducing Emission from Deforestation (RED). This was a scheme for developing countries to contribute in a global effort to solve the effects of climate change. Then, the RED scheme was modified into REDD (Reducing Emission from Deforestation and Degradation)

DISCUSSION
The Position of Deforestation on Climate Change
Forests are essential component of the global climate system, they have an important role to stabilize the global climate, and it has a function as carbon sink, or stable stock. Growing trees absorb CO2 through photosynthesis and release CO2 by their respiration as well as by the decomposition of dead trees. Deforestation will give a bad influence for the cycle of CO2 and O2.When the forest is cut and the soil disturbed, the CO2 is assumed to be released. Forests will not be able to control the number of CO2 in atmosphere. Thus, deforestation and degradation have contributed significantly to the recent rice in Greenhouse gas emission that is driving global climate change.
The Report of Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) 2007 about the condition of forests showed that forests area was less than 4 billion hectare. In 1990 – 1995, the world lost about 3% of forest area totally, the decreasing rate is about 0,2% per year. During 2000 – 2005, most of deforestation had a correlation with development activities. In the same period, 57 countries have increased their forests area, but 83 countries have decreased their forests area. It is about 6 million hectare of forests area which was estimated being decreased. Most of the countries which have primary forests have lost their forest area about 1% in year 2000 up to 2005. If we see the amount of lost forest area, we may say true about the estimation that mention that deforestation and other forms of land degradation may account up to 20% of all greenhouse gas emission.
Addressing Deforestation on Climate Change Policy
Some years before, many international communities concerning the environment mentioned that 20% of global CO2 emission were produced by deforestation and degradation. Under the Clean Development Mechanism of Kyoto Protocol, many countries consider to address afforestation and reforestation as an effort to reduce the emission. Unfortunately, this mechanism does not rule about avoiding deforestation. That is why many countries agreed to think about the international mechanism to reduce the emission from deforestation and degradation.
For the first time, many countries discussed about avoiding deforestation in the 11th CoP of UNFCCC in Canada, 2005. In this international forum, the scheme of avoiding deforestation was proposed by Papua New Guinea and Republic of Costa Rica. Their proposal is called Reducing Emission from Deforestation (RED). Another developing countries supported the proposal that brought by these two countries. Even, most of them, includes Indonesia, propose to modify the proposal by adding the degradation point. Thereby, they would get REED (Reducing Emission from Deforestation and Degradation) as a new scheme that have to be approved in the international forum. Through this scheme, developing countries will make some projects to reduce the emission from deforestation and degradation. These projects are made to preserve the forest, so they will still function as carbon sinks. In this scheme, developed countries have an obligation to give incentives for developing countries to run these projects.
The 11 developing countries which have a large forest area (they called themselves as Forest-11) try to make this scheme concreted. Then, they would do a great effort to get the international approval for REDD in the 13th CoP in Bali, Indonesia. They would bring REDD as a scheme of avoiding deforestation under the post-Kyoto Protocol that will be effective after 2012. Then, many countries approved this scheme and stated on the decision of 13th CoP of UNFCCC, Bali Roadmap. According to Bali Roadmap, every party agreed that a real action is needed to reduce the emission from deforestation and degradation. This roadmap will be used as an outline for the next CoP in Kopenhagen, Denmark.
Reducing Emission from Deforestation and Degradation (REDD)
In a simple term, REDD refers to any conservation or sustainable land-use initiative that effectively mitigates a real deforestation or degradation threat in a given area. REDD is relevant in every region where deforestation and degradation occur, but it is focused on REDD opportunities in the Amazon, Congo, and the Southeast Asia. This is an important characteristic of REDD, its potential to secure wider participation of developing countries in global climate mitigation efforts. The action of REDD is a voluntary action. There is not an obligation or even a certain period in REDD. In other words, developing countries would join REDD only if they wanted to. If they joined REDD, but they failed to reduce their emission from deforestation and degradation, they would not be penalized.
In this scheme, developing countries need the supports of developed countries. To prepare the REDD, developed countries will finance the developing countries, including the transfer technology and capacity building. Financial issue is being a debatable issue on REDD. The amount, sources, and means of distribution of REDD finance are all aspects of the financing question. Based on the agreement of 13th CoP, the finance of REDD will be brought by market and non-market approaches and the amount of this finance is about US$3,75. The REDD will focus on these types of forests: production forests area; conservation or protected forests; turf forests; and plant industrial forests.
In its implementation, REDD will use a national and sub-national approach. National REDD programs may include a range of actions involving many different sectors and stakeholders. All of them tending to strengthen local-level incentives for conserving forests and reducing land degradation. Overall, the menu of REDD actions contain:
paying the communities directly for reduced deforestation, based on the model of existing Payments for Ecosystem Services;
strengthening forest fire prevention programs;
improving land tenure security for forest-dwelling peoples;
increased effort to reduce illegal logging;
higher taxes on large-scale land clearance;
promotion of industry and other off-farm employment;
agricultural intensification in favorable areas to relieve pressure on remaining forest lands; and
strategic planning of road improvements to avoid unplanned logging or agricultural expansion.

The Readiness of Developing Countries for REDD
Understanding about REDD, we can conclude that overall, this scheme will give some benefits toward our environment. It also will give some advantages for developing countries. It was mentioned before that the main characteristic of REDD is the wider participation of developing countries to reduce the emission, so they have to be ready to implement this scheme in the future. It is true that this scheme was proposed by developing countries, but they still have many problems to run REDD with a maximal result.
Based on Jade Sounders, at least there are four points that must be prepared well by developing countries wishing to achieve REDD. These for points are:
Legal Clarity
In many countries, this issue is complex and unclear. There are contradictions between different laws or between national and sub-national laws. This kind of contradiction is might be happened in most of developing countries, such as Brazil. It has been a major focus of reforms in the national process in Brazil. It is a must that developing countries wishing to achieve REDD aims have to establish similar clear standards for land allocation and management as a basic of rational economic planning and the development of successful conservation projects.
Building Capacity
A legal enforcement is the main point for a country to have a good capacity. The lack of legal enforcement will support the poor capacity. To get a success result of REDD, developing countries need to invest in systems and resources to secure legality in the forest sector by providing legal enforcement.
Clarity of Land Tenure and Ownership over Carbon Pools
In some of forest areas, tenure rights are contested. Conflict regularly arises over a debate of rights to access and exploit land and the trees on it. Under REDD, it seemed that the issue of the right of exploitation is exchanged by the right of funds from developed countries. They must establish who owns that right. It seems that countries which manage to clarify carbon ownership issues are more likely to benefit from REDD than countries where tenurial insecurity or conflict between government and local communities constitutes an investment risk.
Domestic Stakeholder Participation
Developing countries have to guarantee that it will be the participation of domestic stakeholder in REDD projects. The domestic stakeholder includes the representative of both, private sector and civil society group. Their participations are used to ensure that a broad analysis of the problems informs the design of solution, so the reducing emission would be “controlled” and achieved.
Beside that points, there are some worries about REDD in developing countries, and they must be attended by developing countries. First of all is about the top-down of REDD. The experienced before showed that the “top-down” scheme is planned without any information for local communities of forest. Because of that, it would raise the conflict between those local communities and government. That is why developing countries must establish the right of local communities. It is related to the second worry: corruption. Financial of REDD is a sensitive issue. Developing countries tend to corrupt the resources of money. That is why it is important for developing countries to clarify the recipient of that finance. One thing that still being questioned here is: will the local communities whose live depend on forest, get the money after they must safe the forest to reduce the emission? This questions must be clarified by developing countries who adopt REDD scheme.

CONCLUSION
REDD is a way for developing countries to solve the impacts of climate change. In achieving this goal, REDD gives a mechanism for developing countries to reduce the emission from deforestation and degradation. The logical thinking of REDD is: in one country, the rate of deforestation reached 1000 hectare every year, then he decreased the rate of his deforestation less than 500 hectare every year. It means that he has succeeded in reducing emission from deforestation. Because REDD is a voluntary action, a country will not penalized if he achieved REDD aims, but he failed.
The sensitive issue of REDD is about financial from developed countries. It is also a sensitive case for developing countries when most of society depends on the forests for livelihoods. Under REDD scheme, those societies must decrease their using of forest, it means that they have to find another way for their livelihood. These variables must be thought by developing countries. They have to state clearly about the distribution of this financial and answer the problems of those societies. Since the illegal logging is being a big problem in deforestation, good law enforcement must be guaranteed by developing countries, so the aims of REDD will be reached.

Note:

This writing will be presented in Essay Writing Contest, April 14, 2008.

References:
1. Jade Saunders, “Forest Governance and Reduced the Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation (REDD)”, published on http://www.Illegal-logging.info/uploads/REDDupdate.pdf
2. Faisal Danu Tuheteru, Deforestasi dan Pemanasan Global, published on http://www.hotlinkfiles.com
3. “Making REDD Work for The Poor: the socio-economic implications of mechanisms for reducing emission from deforestation and degradation” that published on the site of IUCN http://www.iucn.org/
4. “Deforestasi yang Terhindarkan dengan Manfaat yang Berkelanjutan: Sebuah Cara Sederhana untuk Mengurangi Emisi dari Deforestasi dan Degradasi”, published on the site of ASB: a Partnership for the Tropical Forests Margin, http://www.asb.cgiar.org/